柏升
魏文侯問(wèn)于子夏曰:“吾端冕而聽(tīng)古樂(lè),,則唯恐臥;聽(tīng)鄭衛(wèi)之音,,則不知倦,。敢問(wèn):古樂(lè)之如彼何也?新樂(lè)之如此何也,?”子夏對(duì)曰:“今夫古樂(lè),,進(jìn)旅退旅,和正以廣,。弦匏笙簧,,會(huì)守拊鼓,始奏以文,復(fù)亂以武,,治亂以相,,訊疾以雅。君子于是語(yǔ),,于是道古,,修身及家,平均天下,。此古樂(lè)之發(fā)也,。今夫新樂(lè),進(jìn)俯退俯,,奸聲以濫,,溺而不止;及優(yōu)侏儒,,糅雜子女,,不知父子。樂(lè)終不可以語(yǔ),,不可以道古,。此新樂(lè)之發(fā)也。今君之所問(wèn)者樂(lè)也,,所好者音也,!夫樂(lè)者,與音相近而不同,?!蔽暮钤唬骸案覇?wèn)何如?”子夏對(duì)曰:“夫古者,,天地順而四時(shí)當(dāng),,民有德而五谷昌,疾疢不作而無(wú)妖祥,,此之謂大當(dāng),。然后圣人作為父子君臣,以為紀(jì)綱,。紀(jì)綱既正,,天下大定。天下大定,,然后正六律,,和五聲,弦歌詩(shī)頌,,此之謂德音,;德音之謂樂(lè),。《詩(shī)》云:『莫其德音,,其德克明,。克明克類,,克長(zhǎng)克君,,王此大邦;克順克俾,,俾于文王,,其德靡悔。既受帝祉,,施于孫子,。』此之謂也,。今君之所好者,,其溺音乎?”文侯曰:“敢問(wèn)溺音何從出也,?”子夏對(duì)曰:“鄭音好濫淫志,,宋音燕女溺志,衛(wèi)音趨數(shù)煩志,,齊音敖辟喬志,;此四者皆淫于色而害于德,是以祭祀弗用也,?!对?shī)》云:『肅雍和鳴,先祖是聽(tīng),?!环蛎C肅,,敬也,;雍雍,和也,。夫敬以和,,何事不行?為人君者謹(jǐn)其所好惡而已矣,。君好之,,則臣為之。上行之,,則民從之,?!对?shī)》云:『誘民孔易』,此之謂也,?!比缓螅ト俗鳛樨?、鼓,、椌、楬,、塤,、篪,此六者德音之音也,。然后鐘磬竽瑟以和之,,干戚旄狄以舞之,此所以祭先王之廟也,,所以獻(xiàn)酬酳酢也,,所以官序貴賤各得其宜也,所以示后世有尊卑長(zhǎng)幼之序也,。鐘聲鏗,,鏗以立號(hào),號(hào)以立橫,,橫以立武,。君子聽(tīng)鐘聲則思武臣。石聲磬,,磬以立辨,,辨以致死。君子聽(tīng)磬聲則思死封疆之臣,。絲聲哀,,哀以立廉,廉以立志,。君子聽(tīng)琴瑟之聲則思志義之臣,。竹聲濫,濫以立會(huì),,會(huì)以聚眾,。君子聽(tīng)竽笙簫管之聲,則思畜聚之臣,。鼓鼙之聲讙,,讙以立動(dòng),動(dòng)以進(jìn)眾,。君子聽(tīng)鼓鼙之聲,,則思將帥之臣,。君子之聽(tīng)音,非聽(tīng)其鏗槍而已也,,彼亦有所合之也,。